Wall panel

ABSTRACT

A wall panel may have a rigid layer, a first insulation layer made from a two-part rigid urethane pour foam, and a second insulation layer made from a phase change material. The first insulation layer maybe chemically bonded to the rigid layer and may also be bonded to the phase change layer. The first insulation layer may be positioned between the second insulation layer and the rigid layer. The rigid layer may be a finished surface or a veneer layer may be applied to the rigid layer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/535,833, filed on Aug. 8, 2019, which is a continuation ofco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/969,239, filed on May 2,2018, which is Continuation-in-Part of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/940,174 filed on Mar. 29, 2018, which is aContinuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/297,600filed on Oct. 19, 2016, which is a non-provisional application of U.S.Patent Application No. 62/245,617 filed on Oct. 23, 2015. The Ser. No.15/297,600 application is also a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/138,638 filed on Apr. 26, 2016, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/039,101 filed onSep. 27, 2013, which is a non-provisional application of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/706,148, filed on Sep. 27, 2012.

Accordingly, this application expressly claims priority to andincorporates by reference the entirety of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 16/535,833, filed on Aug. 8, 2019, which is a continuation ofco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/969,239, filed on May 2,2018, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,174 filed on Mar. 29,2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/297,600, filed on Oct. 19,2016; U.S. Patent Application No. 62/245,617, filed on Oct. 23, 2015;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/138,638, filed on Apr. 26, 2016;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/039,101, filed on Sep. 27, 2013, andU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/706,148, filed on Sep. 27, 2012.

TECHNICAL FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of building construction materials.More particularly, the invention relates to the field of constructioncomponents used in the construction of walls, ceilings and other planar,angled and curved surfaces for buildings.

Humans have utilized bricks and other hard surfaces as constructioncomponents for buildings for thousands of years. The earliest sun-driedbricks were made in Ancient Egypt. Later, bricks were dried using a fuelsource. The Book of Genesis records that burnt brick was used in theconstruction of the Tower of Babel. Thus, from ancient times to thepresent, brick has remained a popular building material.

The enduring presence of brick is due in no small part to its stellarproperties as an exterior surface. Bricks are capable of resisting highsummer heat, as well as, cold winters and changes there between. Inaddition to such thermal properties, brick provides a strong outer shellto a building. Brick resists wind, rain, snow, dust and otherdetrimental environmental elements. Brick can be a fire retardantsurface for buildings. Bricks can be manufactured in a myriad of sizes,textures and colors. Further, though it need not be painted, when brickis painted, the paint adheres well to the brick.

However, despite such positive characteristics, brick has a fewdrawbacks, mostly related to installation. For instance, whereas otherexterior surfaces maybe relatively easily applied to an existingbuilding structure, brick is much more difficult to install on anexisting building as an alternate siding choice during a renovation.Further, the laying of brick during the construction of a building is alabor-intensive operation. Each brick must be mortared and laid, one onanother, brick-by-brick, by a skilled brick mason. As manual laborprices rise in a given market, so do the costs associated with usingbrick as a building material. It is also difficult or impossible toinstall brick during the winter because mortar does not cure well or atall in freezing temperatures.

Thus, there exists a need for a building product that has the same orbetter building characteristics and aesthetic appeal as traditionalbrick but also can be applied without the need for an extensive skilledlabor team of brick masons. Further, there exists a need for a buildingproduct that has the same or better building characteristics andaesthetic appeal as traditional brick that may be used as a retrofitproduct for providing a siding to an existing building structure.Further, as energy costs and environmental consciousness increase, sodoes the demand for better insulation. Thus, there is also a need forbuilding materials offering improved insulation of a building'senvelope.

Thermal insulation is an ever expanding field. Various forms ofinsulation have been used including fiberglass, cellulous, and variousfoams among others. Recently there has been much research into the fieldof phase change materials which are referred to as “PCMs”. PCMs aregenerally described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,641,812 which is directed to aThermal Insulation with Thin Phase Change Layer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is thus a wall panel system that exhibits many ofthe same characteristics as traditional brick without the need forextensive labor costs associated with traditional brick masonry.Further, the invention is not limited to new construction applicationsbut maybe utilized in existing construction as a retrofit application.

The invention has the same aesthetic appeal as traditional brick and hasthe same or better engineering benefits. The invention functions as astructural element of the building, a water-resistive barrier, a fireretardant layer, an insulating envelope and an aesthetic finishedexterior surface. The invention is lightweight and energy efficient.

The invention may include an outer veneer layer, a middle cement layerand an inner insulation layer.

The outer veneer layer may be thin brick, stone, tile or other suchmaterial (hereinafter referred to as “brick” unless otherwise specified)as desired for both aesthetic and engineering appeal. These maybereferred to as an architectural or aesthetic element. Alternatively, theouter veneer layer may be two parts comprising thin brick, stone, tileor other material, which is embedded in a substrate. This substrate maybe polyurethane or other plastic. According to this two-part veneerlayer embodiment of the invention, the brick is placed in a moldaccording to a desired pattern and the polyurethane, plastic or othermaterial is pour into the mold and bonds to the brick. A finishedsurface of the brick will extend above the level of the poured substrateonce the substrate hardens. According to another embodiment of theinvention, the substrate may have sand added so that a top surface ofthe substrate, visible between the brick, has the appearance of mortar.In the above example, additional mortar or mortar substitute (such assanded glue) maybe used to cover any screw holes or gaps betweensections.

The middle cement layer may be glass fiber reinforced concrete.Alternatively, the middle cement layer may be magnesium oxide. Themiddle cement layer may be poured and cured in place or it may besourced as a pre-fabricated product, particularly with respect to themagnesium oxide material.

The inner insulation layer may include a rigid pour foam, which may be atwo-part rigid pour urethane foam.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a wall panel may include apoured substrate selected from the group consisting of polyurethane andplastic. The wall panel may further include a plurality of aestheticelements embedded in and bonded to the poured substrate. According tosuch an embodiment, the aesthetic elements may be selected from thegroup consisting of brick, ceramic tile, porcelain tile, natural stone,engineered stone, wood, ceramic, plastic and vinyl. According to such anembodiment, a finished surface of the aesthetic elements may extendabove a top surface of the poured substrate. According to such anembodiment, each one of the aesthetic elements maybe arranged inspaced-apart relation to another one of the aesthetic elements.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the wall panel mayinclude a middle layer having a first side, which is attached to a rearsurface of the poured substrate. The wall panel may also include aninsulation layer having a first side chemically bonded to a second sideof the middle layer. According to such an embodiment, the insulationlayer may include a two-part rigid urethane pour foam the insulationlayer maybe chemically bonded to the middle layer during a pour.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the middle layer maybe magnesium oxide.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the middle layer maybe fiber reinforced cement.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the middle layer maybeattached to the poured substrate using an attachment means such asscrews, nails, bolts, welds, construction adhesive, rivets and clasps.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the wall panel maybeattached to a building structure using an attachment means such asscrews, nails, bolts, welds, construction adhesive, rivets and clasps.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the poured substratemay also include sand, causing the top surface of the poured substrateto have an appearance of mortar.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the wall panel mayfurther include sanded glue for covering imperfections in the topsurface of the poured substrate and for causing the top surface of thepoured substrate to have an appearance of mortar.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a wall panel may include amiddle layer made from magnesium oxide. The middle layer may have afirst and a second side. A veneer layer maybe attached to the first sideof the middle layer. According to such an embodiment, the veneer layermay include one or more of brick, ceramic tile, porcelain tile, naturalstone, engineered stone, wood, ceramic, plastic, vinyl and paint.

According to another embodiment of the invention, an insulation layermay have a first side chemically bonded to a second side of the middlelayer. The insulation layer may include a two-part rigid urethane pourfoam, and the insulation layer maybe chemically bonded to the middlelayer during a pour.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a wall panel may include amiddle layer made from a magnesium oxide. The middle layer may have afirst and a second side. The wall panel may also include a veneer layerattached to the first side of the middle layer. The wall panel may alsohave an insulation layer. The insulation layer may have a first sidechemically bonded to a second side of the middle layer. The insulationlayer maybe made from a two-part rigid urethane pour foam maybechemically bonded to the middle layer during a pour.

In one embodiment, the inner insulation layer is poured onto and isfixedly attached to the middle cement layer. The outer veneer layer isattached to the middle cement layer with mortar or other cement product.Alternatively, in the embodiment that utilizes the two-part veneerlayer, the substrate of the veneer layer maybe attached to the middlecement layer via attachment screws (or nails, wall ties, or othersimilar attachment means). Such attachment screws, maybe positionedbetween spacing in the brick and extend through the substrate of theveneer layer into the cement layer and even into the insulation layer.Preferably, the screws of the veneer do not extend beyond the insulationlayer in exterior applications.

According to another embodiment, the veneer layer maybe attached to themiddle layer with a chemical or other construction adhesive. Theadhesive may be either one part design or of multi-part design.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the veneer layer maybe brick, tile, stone, engineered stone, or other such product asdesired for aesthetic purposes. The mortar or other adhesive used toattach the veneer layer may also be used to grout lines between thebricks, stone, or tile of the veneer layer or another product may beapplied as a grout.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the veneer layer mayinclude spaced-apart latitudinal ridges on a rear surface of the veneerlayer. Such latitudinal ridges may be narrower in width than the spacebetween the ridges. The latitudinal ridges may create channels formoisture, gas and other fluids, which may accumulate between the veneerlayer and the middle layer to escape.

According to one embodiment of the invention, in embodiments where atwo-part veneer layer is not used and the brick are adhered directly tothe cement layer, the middle cement layer may include relief lines orguide lines. The relief lines function to provide a guide when attachingthe veneer layer to the cement layer. For example, when the veneer layeruses rectangular brick, the relief lines will be in the shape of therectangular brick and be just larger than the perimeter of the bricksuch that the brick fits snuggly inside the relief lines uponapplication. Similarly, if stone is the veneer layer, the relief lineswill match and be just larger than the perimeter of the stone to beinstalled.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the respective innerlayer and middle cement layer are constructed into panels designed to beattached to a building frame. The panels maybe attached directly to thestuds of a building or they may be attached to some other structuralcomponent of the building.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the panels areattached using screws such as structural insulated panel (SIP) screws.The SIP screws attach to the building through holes in the panel. Theholes maybe countersunk so that the head of the screws is flush with thesurface of the panel.

According to another embodiment, attachment points, or other items suchas a PVC inlay maybe incorporated into the middle cement layer. Suchitems will be of a material that does not negatively affect theperformance or other property of the insulation or otherwise cause aconductive source of thermal wicking.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the panels areattached using nails, construction adhesive, bolts, rivets, clasps, orother such attachment devices.

According to another embodiment of the invention, once the panels areattached to the building, the seams between the panels are sealedaccording to another embodiment of the invention, once sealed, theveneer layer is applied over the middle cement layer. In embodimentsutilizing the two-part veneer layer, screws maybe used to attach theveneer layer to the middle cement layer as described above. However, inthe embodiments where the brick is attached directly to the cement layer(the embodiment without the substrate in the veneer layer), duringapplication, mortar or other attachment material is applied over thepanels and the brick or other material is fitted between the relieflines. The bricks cover the holes of the SIP screws and importantly,cover the seams of the panels. Thus, there are no exposed joints orother openings of the panels.

According to another embodiment of the invention, trim pieces areapplied around openings in the building envelope such as around windowsand doors. These trim pieces may be in the form of headers and mayinclude various shapes as desired for structural and aesthetic purposes.The trim pieces maybe formed in the two-part manner as described abovewith respect to the veneer layer. That is, the trim pieces may comprisebrick embedded in a substrate. In this way, according to onemanufacturing process, the brick maybe arranged in a mold and maybecoated with wax. The liquid substrate (such as polyurethane, plastic,cement, glue, or other material) maybe poured into the mold around thebrick. This substrate bonds to the brick.

According to another embodiment of the invention, corner pieces areattached to the panel ends at corners of the building, or wherevercorners may be required, and then brick or other material as desired isplaced over the corner pieces just with the panels. The corner piecesmay alternatively be formed using the two-part veneer system asdescribed above with respect to the trim pieces and the outer veneerlayer.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the panels provide acontinuous insulating envelope for the walls of a structure. The innerinsulation layer may be one inch and may be up to or greater than threeinches thick. Such insulation may provide the panels with an insulationfactor of R7 to R21 or greater depending on various factors of design.

Such an insulation regime applied to outer walls of a structure may,depending on other building and environmental factors such as zoning,building codes, etc. . . . , free-up space within stud walls for otherbuilding elements such as wiring, plumbing etc. and may also reduce thesize studs required for a particular building plan. For instance,whereas 2×6 or 2×8 studs may have been required to achieve a desiredinsulation factor, by utilizing the invention as an exterior envelope,2×4 studs may suffice. Similarly, in a retrofit application, where anolder building may have little or no insulation, significant insulation,in addition to aesthetic elements, can be gained by applying theinvention to the pre-existing building.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a wall panel may havea rigid magnesium oxide layer which may have a first and a second side.The wall panel may have a first insulation layer comprising a phasechange material (PCM) which may have a first and a second side. The wallpanel may have a second insulation layer made from a two-part rigidurethane pour foam having a first side chemically bonded to the secondside of the rigid magnesium oxide layer and second side chemicallybonded to the first side of the first insulation layer.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the PCM may comprise asupersaturated solution of calcium chloride hexahydrate.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the second side of thePCM may be attachable to a fixed structural building component.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the wall panel ischaracterized by a lack of any additional sagging prevention layerpositioned between first or second insulation layers and a fixedstructural building component.

According to another embodiment of the invention, an outer veneer layermay be adhered to the first side of the rigid magnesium oxide layer.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the outer veneer layermay be selected from a group consisting of: clay brick, ceramic tile,porcelain tile, natural stone, engineered stone, paint, cement, plaster,natural stucco, and synthetic stucco.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the wall panel isattached to a building structure using an attachment selected from thegroup consisting of: screws, nails, bolts, welds, construction adhesive,rivets, and clasps.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURES

Features, aspects, and advantages of a preferred embodiment of theinvention are better understood when the detailed description is readwith reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of the inventionshowing the layers;

FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of an embodiment of the inventionshowing two adjacent panels and highlighting the attachment of thepanels to a wall;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention showingone panel without the outer veneer layer attached;

FIG. 4 is perspective view of an embodiment of the invention showing twoadjacent panels with the outer veneer layer partially attached andcovering the joint between the two adjacent panels;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention showingadjacent panels with the outer, veneer layer partially attached andcovering the joint between two adjacent panels;

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of an embodiment of the invention showing thelayers;

FIG. 7 is a partially exploded view of an embodiment of the inventionshowing the middle cement layer adhered to the insulation layer andshowing the brick embedded in the substrate forming the two-part veneerlayer;

FIG. 8 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the invention attached toa planar surface;

FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the invention attached toa plurality of studs;

FIG. 10 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the invention showingthe use of dovetailed brick;

FIG. 11 is a partial front view of an embodiment of the inventionshowing joints between panels and attachment means; and

FIG. 12 is a partial front view of an embodiment of the inventionshowing mortar pointed between the brick and joints between panels andattachment means that have not yet been covered with mortar or otherconcealing compound;

FIG. 13 is a side view of an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a top perspective view of the PCM layer of the invention; and

FIG. 15 is a top perspective view showing a partial cutaway view of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art thatthe present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments onlyand is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the presentinvention. The following example is provided to further illustrate theinvention and is not to be construed to unduly limit the scope of theinvention.

Referring to FIGS. 1-5, the invention is an insulated wall panel 10having three layers, 20, 30 and 40. The panel 10 provides a finishedaesthetic surface to a building, a structural component to a buildingand an insulation factor for a building. As such, the installed wallpanel 10 includes an inner insulation layer 20, a middle cement layer 30and an outer veneer layer 40. The panel 10 maybe attached to a buildingwall 50.

The outer veneer layer 40 may include brick (as shown in the drawings)but may also include stone, tile, engineered stone, and/or similarmaterial depending on desired finish effect. Thus, the use of the term“brick” herein is synonymous and inclusive of other veneers thus listed.The veneer layer 40 is relatively thin and is attached to the middlecement layer 30 using mortar 44 or other appropriate material such as achemical adhesive as best shown in FIG. 4. Each brick (or other materialas desired) of the veneer layer 40 is thin and is defined by aperimeter.

The middle layer 30 provides a substrate to which the brick of theveneer 40 is applied upon installation on a building structure 50. Themiddle layer 30 has a plurality of sets of relief lines 32. Each set ofrelief lines 32 define a boundary that is just larger than the perimeterof a particular brick of the veneer layer 40 that is to be applied tothe middle layer 30. The relief lines 32 maybe formed to the thicknessof the desired grout 42 spacing between the brick of the veneer layer40.

The middle layer 30 is made of a cementatious product with a glass fiberreinforcing material embedded therein. The glass fiber has high strengthand is the principal load-carrying member of the middle layer 30 whilethe cement forms a matrix that allows the fibers to retain their desiredlocation and orientation. The resultant product is thin and strong.

In order to form the middle layer 30, a mold is first constructed intowhich a slurry of uncured cementatious product of the middle layer 30 ispoured. The mold will have the negatives of the relief lines 32 formedtherein. These negatives will appear as small trenches within the moldsuch that when the cement cures and the middle layer 30 is removed fromthe mold, the relief lines 32 will protrude outward from the otherwisegenerally planar outer surface 34 of the middle layer. The inner surface36 of the middle layer 30 will also be generally planar but will nothave such relief lines 32. The middle layer 30 may remain in the moldwhile curing. Curing time is dependent upon the thickness, particularsof the mix design and the environment in which the cement is beingcured. Preferably, the middle cement layer 30 is cured in a chamber.

Once cured, the middle layer 30 is then placed in a fixture that allowsthe inner insulation layer 20 to be applied and attached to the innersurface 36 of the middle layer 30. The inner insulation layer 20 is arigid pour foam that is formed from a two-part Class 1 rated urethane.The foam is non-CFC and non-HCFC. The foam is applied to the innersurface 36 of the middle layer 30 using a machine calibrated to deliverproper and consistent component mix. The finished urethane material 20will have an in place density of approximately 2.2 pounds per cubicfoot. The foam 20 adheres to the middle layer 30 such that the machinedelivery and mixing of the components provides for a complete bondbetween the middle layer 30 and inner insulation layer 20. Thus, thereare no adhesives or other chemical bonding required to achieve thestrength of the final insulated panel 10. The inner insulation layer 20maybe one inch thick or up to three inches thick or greater depending onthe level of insulation desired for a particular application.

Alternatively, rather than being poured, the middle layer 30 may bepress-molded, extruded, vibration cast, sprayed or slip formed, lf, inalternate embodiments, attachment points 54 or other items areincorporated into the structure, they are placed in the mold prior tothe injection of the urethane.

Once the cement and urethane foam of the respective middle 30 and inner20 layers has cured, the panel 10 is in condition for application to abuilding 50. As shown in FIG. 2, the panels 10 are screwed with screws52 to the wall 50 or other structural element of a building. End pieces,headers and other trim pieces, having been similarly manufactured, arelikewise attached to the building. The seams 22 between the respectivepanels and trim pieces are sealed with a sealing compound, such asLaticrete® Air and Water Barrier. Next, as shown in FIG. 4, an adhesivesuch as mortar 44 is applied to the outer surface of the middle layer30. Next, the brick of the veneer layer 40 are applied on top of theadhesive 44 and between the relief lines 32. The brick of the veneer 40are applied to overlap 38 the seams 22 in the panels 10. Thisoverlapping 38 of the seams is best shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. Finally, agrout 42 or other material is applied between the gaps in the brick ofthe veneer 40.

Referring to FIGS. 6-12, the invention includes an embodiment 100utilizing a two-part veneer layer 140. The top part of the veneer layermaybe brick 146 as shown. However, the invention contemplates that theconcrete, tile, stone, wood, plastic, vinyl and other materials maybeutilized. As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term “brick”will include all other such materials.

In addition to the two-part veneer layer 140, the invention may utilizea middle layer 130. This middle layer 130 maybe formed from cement orfrom magnesium oxide or from another composite material. Preferably, aninsulating layer 120 is adhered to the middle layer 120. The innerinsulation layer 120 is preferably a rigid pour foam that is formed froma two-part Class I rated urethane.

The brick 146 is embedded in a substrate 144. This substrate 144 may bepolyurethane or other plastic, cement, glass fiber reinforced concrete(GFRC), ceramic or other composite liquid product. The two-part layer isformed by having the brick 146 positioned in a mold according to desiredpattern. The brick 146 maybe coated with wax or other protectivecoating. Sand maybe utilized as a release agent. The substrate 144 isthen poured into the mold and surrounds a lower portion of the brick146, thereby embedding the brick 146 in the substrate 144 as thesubstrate hardens. The brick 146 may have a smooth lower surface or mayhave notches, which may be dovetail notches 145 as shown in FIG. 10.

Importantly, especially for exterior application, the mold (not shown)includes a plurality of parallel grooves which, when filled with thesubstrate 144 form ridges 148 in the substrate 144. These ridges 148 maybe seen in the assembled sectional views of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10. Betweeneach ridge is a void 149, which forms a channel through which moisture,water and other fluids may pass between the substrate 144 and the middlecement layer 130. Such fluid may exit through weep holes (not shown).For interior application, no such void 149 may be necessary and thesubstrate layer 144 may not have the ridges and maybe directly attachedto the middle layer 130. Likewise, for interior application, the middlelayer 130 and the insulation layer 120 may not be used and the substratemay be adhered directly to an underlying construction element such asstud walls.

In practice, the two-part veneer layer 140 may be supplied to buildingcontractors as one element and the combination of the middle layer 130and the insulation layer 120 may be supplied to building contractors asa second element. The second element 120, 130 may be attached viaattachment means such as screws 152 to a block wall 150 as shown in FIG.6 or studs 151 as shown in FIG. 9. The first element 140 maybe attachedto the second element 120, 130 via attachment means such as screws 154.Preferably, screws 154 do not extend all the way through the secondelement 120, 130 so that the thermal barrier is not breached. Afterthese first and second elements have been added to a building structure,grout/mortar 142 may be pointed into the voids between the brick 146.This grout/mortar 142 may conceal screw heads/holes 154 and joints 147as shown in FIG. 9. Different grout/mortar joints are possible includingraked, grapevine, extruded, concave, V, struck, flush, weathered, struckand convex.

Alternatively, the substrate 144 may additionally comprise a sandadditive, which mimics the appearance of grout. In this embodiment, noadditional grout/mortar needs to be added following installation of thetop veneer layer except that a small amount of grout/mortar or anequivalent matching concealer such as caulk maybe added to concealscrew/attachment heads and/or joints between panels. The abovedescription has contemplated use in a wall system for either exterior orinterior use. However, the invention 100 contemplates use both inceiling applications (not shown) and in paving and flooring applications(not shown). As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, the joints between panels ofthe top two-part veneer layer 140 may be staggered to form aninterlocking pattern. It is contemplated that panels of the invention100 may be cut as needed in a particular application. Corners, reliefs,window edging, keystones and starter courses are also contemplated underthe same methods as discussed above.

Referring to FIGS. 13, 14, and 15, the invention may further include anembodiment 200 utilizing a middle layer which may be a rigid magnesiumoxide board 230, a first insulation layer 220 which is a two part rigidurethane pour foam, and a second insulation layer 260 which is a phasechange material. The term “middle layer” is used with respect theembodiment 200 in order to be consistent with the above specificationwhich utilizes the term “middle layer” 30, 130 in the other figures.However, middle layer 230 need not actually be in the “middle” as thisembodiment 200 does not require a separate top layer or aestheticelement. Indeed, the middle layer 230 of embodiment 200 may itself alsoeffectively function as a top layer or aesthetic element.

The second insulation layer 260 is a phase change material (PCM) asespecially shown in FIG. 14. The PCM 260 has a plurality of cells 262separated by seams 264. The cells 262 and the seams 264 may beconstructed from thermoplastic materials. Most or all of the cells 262may enclose a volume of the PCM composition. The PCM composition mayinclude a super-saturated solution of calcium chloride hexahydrate amongother compositions.

The embodiment 200 of FIGS. 13, 14, and 15 may be manufactured as shownespecially in FIG. 15. A mold may be provided which has vertical sides270 forming a continuous tray. The mold may have bottom 272.Alternatively, the magnesium oxide board 230 may also function as abottom. The mold may also have injection ports (not shown). In order tomanufacture the wall panel of embodiment 200, the magnesium oxide board230 is first placed in the mold and the PCM material 260 is placed ontop. Next, the two part rigid urethane pour foam 220 is injected betweenthe magnesium oxide board 230 and the PCM 260. As the rigid urethanepour foam 220 cures, it forms a chemical bond with the both themagnesium oxide board 230 and the PCM 260. The chemical bond between therigid urethane pour foam 220 and the magnesium oxide board 230, and thechemical bond between the rigid urethane pour foam 220 and the PCM 260thus fuses all three layers together without the need for any otheradhesives or attachment. The wall panel 200 may then be applied to astructural building element.

A wall panel system 10, 100, 200 according to the invention has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments and examples. Variousdetails of the invention maybe changed without departing from the scopeof the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description of thepreferred embodiments of the invention and best mode for practicing theinvention are provided for the purpose of illustration only and not forthe purpose of limitation, the invention being defined by the claims. Itis envisioned that other embodiments “may perform similar functionsand/or achieve similar results. Any and all such equivalent embodimentsand examples are within the scope of the present invention and areintended to be covered by the appended claims.

1. A wall panel having an inner side and an outer side and configuredfor installation on a fixed structural building component on its innerside, the wall panel comprising: a rigid layer having a first and asecond side and comprising magnesium oxide and a reinforcing materialembedded therein, wherein the reinforcing material is configured to bethe principal load-carrying member of the rigid layer; and an insulationlayer comprising a foam having a first side chemically bonded to thesecond side of the rigid layer.
 2. The wall panel of claim 1 furthercomprising a phase change material (PCM) having a first side chemicallybonded to the insulation layer and comprising a supersaturated solutionof calcium chloride hexahydrate.
 3. The wall panel of claim 2 wherein asecond side of the PCM may be attachable to the fixed structuralbuilding component.
 4. The wall panel of claim 1 wherein the wall panelis characterized by a lack of any additional sagging prevention layerpositioned between the insulation layers and the fixed structuralbuilding component.
 5. The wall panel of claim 1 further comprising anouter veneer layer adhered to the first side of the rigid layer.
 6. Thewall panel of claim 5 wherein the outer veneer layer is selected from agroup consisting of: clay brick, ceramic tile, porcelain tile, naturalstone, engineered stone, paint, cement, plaster, natural stucco, andsynthetic stucco.
 7. The wall panel of claim 1 wherein the wall panel isattached to a building structure using an attachment selected from thegroup consisting of: screws, nails, bolts, welds, construction adhesive,rivets, and clasps.
 8. The wall pane of claim 1 wherein the foam has auniform thickness greater than or equal to 1 inch and less than or equalto 3 inches and an insulation factor greater than or equal to R7 andless than or equal to R21.